Budget accounting is an orderly system for collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about the state of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities (state authorities, governing bodies of state extra-budgetary funds, governing bodies of territorial state extra-budgetary funds, local authorities self-government and budgetary institutions created by them) and operations leading to changes in the above assets and liabilities.
Organization of accounting in budgetary organizations
The organization of accounting in budgetary organizations has a number of features that are based on the legislation on the budget structure, the Instructions for budgetary accounting, other regulatory documents on accounting and reporting in budgetary organizations, as well as their industry specifics.
Such features of accounting in budgetary organizations include:
organization of accounting in the context of budget classification items;
control over the implementation of budgeted income and expenses;
transition to a treasury system of budget execution;
separation of cash and actual expenses in accounting;
sectoral features of accounting in public sector institutions (health care, education, science, etc.).
Budget accounting tasks
The main tasks of budget accounting include:
generation of complete and reliable information about the state of assets and liabilities of institutions, as well as the financial results of their activities;
generation of complete and reliable information on the execution of all budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation;
ensuring control over the compliance of operations carried out during the execution of budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
ensuring control over the condition of assets and fulfillment of obligations of institutions;
providing internal and external users with reporting on the status of assets and liabilities of institutions, as well as reporting on the execution of budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation.
Regulations
In budgetary organizations, accounting for the execution of estimates of income and expenses for budgetary funds and funds received from extra-budgetary sources is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law on Accounting and on the basis of the Instructions for Budgetary Accounting.
Instructions for budget accounting include:
- Violations in the field of accounting (budget) accounting
In the area of accounting (budget) accounting, they are reflected in inspection reports. ... reflecting a set of methods for maintaining accounting (budgetary) accounting, cost measurement, current grouping and... used in maintaining accounting (budgetary) accounting, is regularly updated and included in... entries in the accounts of accounting (budgetary) accounting. Inspectors during control...) institutions of accounting (budget) accounting procedures. We will continue in the next issue of the magazine...
- Review of important changes in budget accounting since 2019
Sectors When maintaining accounting and budgetary records for government agencies from 01.01 ... reports: certificate for the conclusion of budget accounting accounts for the reporting financial year (f. 0503110 ...
- What will the introduction of federal accounting (budget) standards change?
Changes to which accounting (budgetary) accounting is subject in connection with the approval of federal... changes to which accounting (budgetary) accounting is subject to in connection with the approval of federal... legal acts regulating the maintenance of accounting (budgetary) accounting and the preparation of accounting (financial) ... the gradual movement of the accounting (budget) accounting methodology from the Instructions for the Application of the Unified ... standards. The usual Chart of Accounts for budget accounting will remain, but will expand...
- The procedure for budget accounting of fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers? Question: How are transactions for the acquisition and technical maintenance of a fire extinguisher reflected in budget accounting? In order to reflect the operations in question in budget accounting, it is necessary... and put into operation. The budget accounting reflects the following correspondence accounts: Contents... for the maintenance of property" KOSGU. In budget accounting, these expenses will be reflected as follows... upon the completion of the relevant work. The following accounting records have been generated in budget accounting: Contents...
- Changes to Instruction No. 174n. New accounting entries for budget accounting
Structures – leased items.” New budget accounting entries! Termination of the right to use an asset (at the same time... budget accounting entries related to accounting for inventories... for other income are also deleted." New budget accounting entries! Accrual of income from rental property...
- On budget accounting of non-financial assets during major repairs
Persons." To reflect in accounting (budget) accounting fixed assets transferred (received...
- Changes in accounting and budget accounting account numbers starting from 2017
The legislative framework for accounting and budgetary accounting in government agencies, it is stipulated that... the legislative framework for accounting and budgetary accounting in government agencies, it is stipulated that...
- Analysis of changes made to Instruction No. 191n
...), must be confirmed by the relevant budget accounting registers. The form itself still includes..., taken into account according to the corresponding budget accounting account number as of the beginning of the year... of previous years in terms of maintaining budget accounting, recalculation of reporting indicators in connection...), must be confirmed by the corresponding budget accounting registers . Please note that the indicators...
- Review of changes in accounting (budget) statements
Taking into account changes in accounting (budgetary) accounting indicators (balance sheet, off-balance sheet) on... for the relevant accounting (budgetary) accounting accounts at the beginning of the financial reporting... with the rules for maintaining accounting (budgetary) accounting are subject to closure upon completion... 0503173) . Indicators of the relevant accounting (budget) accounts reflected in reports (information) ... adjustments in the procedure for maintaining accounting (budget) records in state (municipal) institutions ...
- Features of preparing budget reporting for half a year and nine months
And (or) other budget accounting registers established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for recipients of... forced seizure") The chart of accounts of budget accounting is supplemented with account 120941000 "Calculations... Newly introduced turnovers are accepted for budget accounting through additional accounting operations... Number ( code) budget accounting accounts" provides the numbers of budget accounting accounts taking into account changes in requirements... by institutions, taking into account changes in budget accounting indicators (balance sheet, off-balance sheet) by 1 ...
- Budgetary and accounting reporting: liability for violations of preparation and presentation
Budget estimates or the procedure for budgetary accounting by a government institution of budgetary indicators... liability for violation of the procedure for budgetary accounting by a government institution of indicators accepted... “Violation by a government institution of the procedure for budgetary accounting of authorization of budget expenditures.” In... the order of budget accounting of authorization of budget expenditures, expressed in violation of budget accounting of indicators... violation by a government institution of the order of budget accounting of indicators accepted and deferred...
- Application of FSBU “Reserves”
A list of objects accepted for budget accounting as objects of material reserves is provided... (acceptance for budget accounting) of reserves, their assessment, disposal from budget accounting accounts will be carried out... the standard establishes uniform requirements for budget accounting of assets qualified as material ... inventories Account number used in budget accounting Medicines and dressings - other... clause 8 of the FSBU “Inventories”, the unit of budget accounting for inventories is chosen by the subject of accounting independently...
- Non-financial assets: accounting entries adjusted
Land plots previously accepted for budget accounting, in connection with their change... to subarticle 199 Acceptance for budget accounting of material reserves received in natural... value as of the date of acceptance for budget accounting. Investments in non-financial assets According to...
- Accounting for temporary structures during capital construction of an object
That the institution violated the rules of maintaining budget accounting. According to the control body, temporary... that the institution violated the rules of maintaining budget accounting. In the opinion of the control body, temporary... the second question in relation to the specifics of budget accounting, the position of the Treasury is... Acceptance of the specified objects for budget accounting is carried out on the corresponding budget accounting accounts according to the estimated... . The specified objects are accepted for budget accounting at their estimated value based on...
- Typical errors when preparing budget (accounting) reporting
And when reflecting the accounting (budgetary) accounting indicators generated as of the reporting date on... accounts receivable in the accounting (budgetary) accounting accounts. For example, when carrying out claims work...
Budget accounting: details for an accountant
Civil law determines the legal status of an organization as commercial or non-profit. The latter include municipal and state institutions, which are most often budgetary (but can be both state-owned and autonomous). In such organizations, accounting is carried out in compliance with certain nuances that need to be taken into account by a specialist.
Let's consider how accounting in budgetary organizations differs from accounting in commercial structures, what regulatory documents govern it, and what features an accountant needs to take into account.
The concept of budget accounting
In which enterprises should accounting be carried out according to budgetary principles? In those that are fully or in some part financed from the state budget of the Russian Federation.
TO budget organizations These include legal entities created by government bodies of the Russian Federation, the main purpose of which is not to make a profit.
In order to regularly allocate money from the budget to finance a non-profit organization, it is necessary not only to conduct accounting correctly, as in any structure, but also, in addition to traditional reports, to regularly provide estimates of income and expenses. This is necessary to track the purposes for which public money is used. The activity of generating this documentation is called budget accounting.
Specifics of a budget organization from an accounting point of view
A public accountant must take into account the peculiarities of the obligations of this area regarding finance and property:
- one of the goals of the activities of a municipal institution - a state task - is carried out using funds from a certain level of the state budget;
- the property is not owned by a budgetary institution, but by right of operational management, and the owner is the Russian Federation or its subject;
- if a budgetary organization owns a land plot, it is provided for use indefinitely;
- the obligations of property owners are not identical to the obligations of a budgetary institution;
- Even if the owner has assigned to a budget organization the right to manage valuable property and real estate, the organization cannot dispose of it without permission.
ATTENTION! All specific differences are given in Art. 9 of Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 12, 1996 “On Non-Profit Organizations”.
Comparing budget and commercial accounting
The main principles of accounting remain unchanged, no matter in what organization it is carried out. Everywhere you need to take into account cash, inventories, all kinds of assets and liabilities, reflecting this in the documentation and promptly informing the regulatory authorities.
However, in a budgetary organization, accounting has special specifics; all these operations are reflected in the accounting accounts somewhat differently. Therefore, a public accountant will need some specific knowledge that is not required for an accountant in commercial structures.
Let's take a closer look at these features.
Individual charts of accounts
The main difference between commercial and budget accounting is the different accounts on which all business transactions are reflected. For the budgetary sector, a special Chart of Accounts is provided, containing 26 categories.
NOTE! Account numbers and their names in different accounting plans do not match. For example, in the commercial accounting system, “Materials” are accounted for on account 10, and in the budgetary accounting system, “Material reserves” are accounted for on account 105.
Each category of the budget PBU carries certain data about the characteristics of the institution’s activities:
- classifies income;
- distributes types of expenses;
- shows from what source the organization is financed;
- what type of activity is the target;
- synthetic and analytical accounts;
- receipt and disposal of objects.
Legislative regulation
Accounting as a business transaction for any type of organization is regulated by the Federal Law “On Accounting” dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ. But, in addition to the general regulations, additional by-laws developed for the budgetary and commercial spheres are mandatory:
- Municipal state organizations, in addition to the basic Law, are “subject to” the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 1, 2010 No. 157n “On approval of a unified chart of accounts for government agencies (state bodies), local governments, state and extra-budgetary funds, state academies sciences, state (municipal) institutions and instructions for its use.”
- Accounting statements for budgetary organizations are declared by the following state documents:
- Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 2010 No. 191n “On approval of instructions on the procedure for drawing up and submitting annual, quarterly and monthly reports on the execution of budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation;
- Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 25, 2011 No. 33n “On approval of instructions on the procedure for compiling and submitting annual, quarterly and monthly reports of state (municipal) budgetary and autonomous institutions.”
Where does the money come from?
Financing a commercial organization is its personal business; you can use the personal funds of the founders, bank loans, etc. The budget sector, as its name suggests, is sponsored by the state. The form of subsidization can be different:
- funds provided for the implementation of government tasks;
- money provided for temporary use;
- health insurance funds;
- the institution’s own income, etc.
Differences in reporting
Commercial and “disinterested” structures provide reporting to regulatory authorities in different ways. The differences lie not only in the composition of the documentation, but also in the timing of submission: for state employees, their own schedule and frequency have been developed.
IMPORTANT! In the public sector, the volume of reporting is much greater than in the commercial sector, since the principles of operation in them are radically different.
Budgetary organizations of various types submit quite a few forms at the end of different accounting periods:
- every month – from 1 to 5 documents;
- every quarter – from 5 to 10 reports;
- annually – from 10 to 30 forms.
All necessary documents for reports are given in the special regulations discussed above. Among them:
- balance sheet of the main manager (administrator, recipient of budget funds) - in form 0503130;
- balance sheet of the institution itself - in form 0503730;
- report on the implementation of the financial and economic activity plan - in form 0503737;
- report on the financial results of the organization’s activities - according to form 0503721;
- data on receivables and payables - according to form 0503769;
- information about the organization’s cash balances – according to form 0503779.
Reflection of funds on the balance sheet
The balance sheets of the commercial sector and public sector employees are basically the same, but have several serious differences:
- Any balance sheet consists of assets and liabilities. The difference is that state employees distribute these items, separately reflecting the use of targeted funds and their own profits.
- “Businessmen” reflect in their reports, in addition to the current one, two more previous years, and “public sector employees” – only the previous one.
- Budgetary spheres divide assets into financial and non-financial, and funds into material and monetary; For commercial structures, the division is fundamentally different.
- The budgetary liability reflects all types of obligations, and the commercial one divides them according to terms.
The accounting of “merchants” and public sector employees has global differences at all levels of existence: the accounting objects themselves, PBUs, reflection of assets and liabilities, the composition and procedure for reporting. The state is constantly improving the budget accounting system by introducing various changes to it. Therefore, an accountant of a budgetary organization needs to be constantly aware of innovations, for which he needs to study legislative updates, read specialized literature, and attend specialized seminars.
Organizations whose activities are financed from state or local budgets are called budgetary. Based on this, it is quite obvious that for budgetary enterprises, among the sources that generate economic funds, it is necessary to focus on financing and income.
Main differences between budgetary and commercial accounting
It should be noted that difference between budget accounting and commercial accounting lies not only in the accounting components, but also in the coding system. That is, in a budgetary organization, accounting for cost estimates is completely different than in commercial organizations.A person who is even little familiar with the rules of accounting in budgetary organizations may notice that they differ from accounting in commercial structures.
Indeed, budgetary institutions have their own specifics of obligations, accounting for fixed assets and cash, inventories, and financial assets.
The fundamental essence of accounting does not change; it reflects real information about the activities of the enterprise for provision to its management, founders, regulatory authorities and other interested authorities. However, in the accounts this is expressed completely differently.
In budgetary organizations, the emphasis is on the study of accounting. Accumulated knowledge related to financial accounting is the basis of budgetary accounting. But besides this, you need to know how accounting records are directly maintained in budgetary enterprises.
Due to the peculiarities of the activities of budgetary institutions, new accounts and classes arise in their accounting. Such organizations do not have accounts related to commercial activities, primarily profit-making. Although some types of activities fall under the exception (housing and communal services, etc.)
The difference between the accounting of a commercial and budgetary enterprise also lies in the definition of different classes of the chart of accounts: inventories, classification of fixed assets and specific composition, etc.
Obviously, the balance sheet in a budgetary organization will also differ from a commercial enterprise, although in essence and general structure they are identical: liabilities on the right, assets on the left.
But this is only externally, and their internal design is different. Basically, the differences lie in the very structure of financial assets, fixed assets, cash and liabilities.
The preparation and submission of reports to higher authorities by budgetary enterprises follows a special list and schedule. At first glance, you might think that the accounting of a budgetary enterprise is quite complicated. But if you delve deeply, it will become clear that budgetary organizations carry out much fewer transactions that are reflected in accounting. For this reason, the process of conducting it is much simpler.
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Hello Tamara.
There are quite a lot of significant differences between commercial and budget organizations, so there is no need to say that they are all similar to each other. Despite the impressive number of similarities, there are still more differences. Commercial and budget organizations have much fewer similarities than differences.
Distinctive features of government and commercial organizations
- Purpose of the activity.
The budget organization performs the tasks described in the charter (various works and services); the results of its activities are intangible values. Commercial organizations, on the contrary, strive to make a profit and improve the well-being of their owners. Money is the main goal of commercial organizations; it is distributed among the participants of the company and goes towards its development.
- Products, services and target audience.
Those goods and services produced by commercial organizations are aimed at the individual consumer, but budgetary organizations produce goods and services to satisfy public needs and benefits. The target audience of commercial organizations is end consumers, while budget organizations are focused on clients and members of the organization.
- Management and work policy.
If in a commercial organization management policy is based solely on the behavior of competitors and clients, then in the budget structure the focus is only on social needs and conditions dictated by the state.
- Staff.
Hired employees and those who are executors under civil contracts can work in a budget organization; they can also include trainees, volunteers, and members of the organization. Only hired employees and contractors under contracts can be hired to work in a commercial structure.
- Financing.
The source of financing for a commercial structure is its profit and equity participation in the capital of other commercial organizations. Public sector employees are financed directly from the state fund (external sources of financing) or from membership fees, rental income, securities transactions, etc. (internal sources).
- Efficiency.
In each commercial organization, the policy for assessing performance can be built in its own way. Profit, turnover, profitability, revenue - all these are the main criteria for assessing the activities of a commercial organization. In a non-profit structure, work is evaluated differently. The success of the budget structure is talked about in general terms: “good” or “bad”, but the mechanism for more careful assessment is not very developed at the moment.
- Type of ownership.
If a budget organization can only have an open form of ownership (funds, organizations, institutions, alliances, etc.), then a commercial structure can have CJSC, LLC, OJSC, etc.
- Registration authority.
If you can register a commercial organization only with the Tax Service, then a non-profit organization can only be registered with the Ministry of Justice.
Sincerely, Natalia.
There are probably few people who have no idea at least what accounting is. In the minds of even people who are far from accounting, the word “accounting” conjures up an accountant who counts some numbers, makes notes, and compiles reports.
The definition of the concept of “accounting” is given in the Law on Accounting *(1). According to this definition, accounting is the formation of documented, systematized information about accounting objects and the preparation of accounting (financial) statements on its basis.
But few people know what budget accounting is. In a new article, we will try to figure out how budget accounting differs from accounting, and who is obliged to maintain it?
What is budget accounting?
Budget accounting is an orderly system for collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about the state of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, as well as transactions that change these assets and liabilities (Clause 2 of Article 264.1 BC RF).
That is, budget accounting is a type of accounting. But at the same time, budget accounting provides information not just about the financial state of individual economic entities - organizations, individual entrepreneurs, but about the financial state of the budgets of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and municipalities. This means that not all legal entities should keep budget records, but only those whose reporting is important for analyzing the financial state of the budgets of the Russian Federation. Individual entrepreneurs do not keep budget records.
Who is responsible for keeping budget records?
The procedure for maintaining budget accounting is regulated by the Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts for Budget Accounting *(2).
Legal entities that are required to maintain budget records are listed in paragraph 2 of the Instructions. This:
- public authorities (state bodies);
- local government bodies;
- management bodies of state extra-budgetary funds;
- management bodies of territorial state extra-budgetary funds;
- government institutions, including those located outside the Russian Federation;
- other legal entities exercising, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the budgetary powers of the recipient of budgetary funds;
- financial authorities;
- bodies of the Federal Treasury in terms of reflecting on the relevant analytical accounts account 0 500 00 000 “Authorization of expenses” operations for the cash execution of the federal budget.
In addition, budget accounting is maintained by:
- state corporations "Rosatom", "Roscosmos" in terms of maintaining budgetary records of the facts of economic life that arise in the exercise of the powers of the main manager of budget funds, the recipient of budget funds, the main administrator of budget revenues and the administrator of budget revenues;
- state (municipal) budgetary, autonomous institutions exercising, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, powers to fulfill public obligations to individuals, subject to execution in cash;
- state (municipal) budgetary, autonomous institutions and (or) state (municipal) unitary enterprises when exercising, on the basis of agreements, the powers of the state (municipal) customer when making budgetary investments in state (municipal) property.
It should be noted that in normal business activities, state corporations, budgetary, autonomous institutions and unitary enterprises do not keep budget records, although part of their expenses, and often most of them, are financed from budgets of different levels. These legal entities maintain budgetary accounting separately from the rest of their accounting and use budgetary accounting accounts. When maintaining budget accounting, the specified entities in the 18th category of the budget accounting account number use the code of the type of financial support (activity) 1 - activity carried out at the expense of the funds of the corresponding budget of the budget system of the Russian Federation (budget activity).
Budget reporting
The result of maintaining accounting records and reflecting the facts of economic life on accounts is the preparation of accounting (financial) statements. This rule also applies to budget accounting. The result of its maintenance is the preparation of budget reporting.
Each legal entity that prepares budget reporting submits it to a higher authority, which checks and approves it. After the accepted reporting is compiled and consolidated (combined with the reports of other subjects of budget reporting), interrelated indicators are excluded. The result is a clear picture of the execution of budgets at different levels, including the federal budget.
The general procedure for compiling and submitting annual, quarterly and monthly reports on the execution of budgets of the budget system of the Russian Federation, mandatory for all subjects of budget reporting, is regulated by the relevant Instructions *(3). Features of the presentation of budget reporting can be established for those subordinate to the main managers of budgetary funds, the main administrators of revenues, sources of financing budget deficits, the financial authority, and the treasury authority.
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