Synthetic rubbers are polymers that can be processed into rubber with vulcanization. Their appearance was preceded by a natural rubber deficit and the growing demand for elastomers. Currently, there is a huge number of stamps of synthetic rubbers of various properties and destination. Conditionally, they can be divided into two large classes: rubber general and special purposes.

The synthetic general purpose rubber is used in the production of automotive tires and parts, sealing rings and other products of wide consumption. As a rule, overall rubber combine a large number of properties, which makes them more versatile compared to special purpose rubber. However, the narrow scope of application of a synthetic polymer is explained by the ideal balancing of its recipe in order to achieve the necessary properties.

Obtaining a synthetic rubber occurs by polymerization of monomers obtained from crude oil fractions. Depending on the reaction medium, four types of polymerization are distinguished: liquid-phase, emulsion, gas-phase and dissolved. From the method of producing rubber directly depend on its properties. For example, butadiene-styrene synthetic rubber, which occupies more than 50% of the production of synthetic rubber production, due to its introduction into the automotive industry, is made by high-temperature emulsion polymerization. This method allows to achieve optimal physical properties of a type of rubber product. The production of synthetic rubber directly depends on the monomers used: butadiene, styrene, isoprene, propylene, benzene, isoprene, ethylene. Their combination and polymerization method determines the final properties of rubber, as well as its purpose.

In comparison with the natural rubber, its synthetic analogue is more profitable and promising material. First, it is more versatile. Modern methods of production make it possible to obtain a material with optimal properties for one or another scope of application. In addition, the production of synthetic rubbers costs much cheaper.

In recent years, synthetic rubbers have been widely used not only in the automotive industry, but also in sound, heat, hydro and air insulation of buildings, as well as in the production of pneumatic, hydraulic, medical and vacuum techniques. In addition, this material is widely used in rocket-building as a polymer base for the production of solid rocket fuel with ammonium nitrate powder as a filler.

Industrial equipment of polymeric materials (polymers)

This is the main branch of petrochemistry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber), where the initial stages of the technological process are tied to sources of raw materials, and subsequent processing is focused on the consumer and therefore can be carried out in other regions.

Changes in the technology and raw materials base of polymer chemistry (the transition from previously used waste processing of wood and agricultural raw materials on oil and gas), the development of pipeline transport has led to significant shifts in the geography of the industry.

A hydrocarbon oil and gas raw materials on refineries and gas-gas plants are generated, the bulk of which is concentrated in the European part of the country. They are placed in oil and gas production areas (Volga region, Urals, North Caucasus, Western Siberia) or focus on the consumer, located on the tracks and in the final points of the main oil and gas pipelines (Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, Tobolsk and Dr.).

In the chemistry of polymers allocate several directions.

Production of synthetic resins and plastic masses The largest direction of the chemical industry, which has historically developed in Central (Moscow, Vladimir), Volga (Kazan, Dzerzhinsk, Ufa), Uralsky (Nizhny Tagil, Salavat, Yekaterinburg), Siberian (Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk), North-Western (St. -Petherburg), South (Volgograd, Rostov region and Krasnodar Territory), North Caucasian (Stavropol Territory) of federal districts.

The largest Russian manufacturer of synthetic resins and plastics - OJSC "Uralchimplast", the main production facilities of which are located in Nizhny Tagil (Sverdlovsk region). Holding occupies key positions in the markets of many types of chemical products.

Separate technologically dependent enterprises of the industry are usually monopoly suppliers and consumers of semi-finished products and are associated with product products, such as Sayanskhimplast and the Angarsk plant of polymers (ethylene), Kazanorgsintez and Nizhnekamsk Neftekhim (Ethylene), Kaustik (Sterlitamak) and " Salavatnefteorgsintez "(ethylene).

Industry chemical fibers and threads which are artificial and synthetic, requires a large amount of raw materials, materials, fuel and water. Artificial fibers made of natural polymers serve for the production of acetate and viscose. Enterprises for their release are located in Balakovo, Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, is restored by the factory in the city of Shuya (Ivanovo region).

Combines for the manufacture of synthetic fibers (Capron, Loven) work in Kursk, Saratov, Volzhsky. The joint production of artificial and synthetic fibers is located in the cities of Wedge, Serpukhov, Engels, Barnaul. The main amount of chemical fibers (more than 2/3) is produced in the European part of the country, focusing on the placement of the textile industry.

Production of synthetic rubber

Rubber as a raw material is used for the manufacture of tires (65-70%) and rubber products (about 25%).

Enterprises for the production of synthetic rubber originally arose based on the use of ethyl alcohol from food raw materials - potatoes, grains (city of Yaroslavl, Efremov, Voronezh, Kazan), then hydrolyzed alcohol (Krasnoyarsk). Starting from the 1960s. They switched to hydrocarbon raw materials obtained in the processing of oil, passing oil gases and natural gas. Main regions of the production of synthetic rubber - Volga region (Tolyatti, Nizhnekamsk, Kazan), Ural (Sterlitamak), South Siberia (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk). The total capacity of the synthetic rubber plants in the country is estimated by more than 2 million tons, and its production in 2011 amounted to 1.4 million tons.

The leading company in the market of synthetic rubbers is SIBUR, which accounts for over 2/5 of their production in Russia. The company brings together the largest manufacturers of synthetic rubber - LLC "Voronezhsinzkuchuk", LLC "Tolimtikuchuk" and OJSC "Krasnoyarsk Plant of Synthetic Rubber".

The production of synthetic rubber is approximate to the centers of tire and rubber production. There are whole complexes of interconnected industries: oil refining - synthetic rubber - tire production (Omsk, Yaroslavl); Hydrolysis of wood - ethyl alcohol - synthetic rubber - tire production (Krasnoyarsk).

The greatest development, the chemical complex received in four federal districts: Volga region (the share of the district in the total production of the chemical complex of the Russian Federation is 44%), the central (24%), Siberian (11%) and southern (10%).

In the chemical industry, the processes of territorial concentration and combination of production were widely developed. The largest chemical components were formed in a number of countries in the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, Altai, Permian and Krasnoyarsk Territories, Tula, Tyumen, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Samara, Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions, which, on the one hand, largely contributed to socially - Economic development of these regions, but on the other, the environmental situation and the quality of life of the population has escalated significantly. After all, the chemical complex is a major pollutant of the environment: it takes a 2nd place (according to the total emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere - 10th place) among industries.

Over the past half century, the chemical industry has passed a difficult path: from rapid development in 1950-1980, when significant production potential was created in the industry, before decline in the late 1980s, when the pace of capital construction decreased sharply, and in 1990 -E-gg. Investments in the industry almost stopped.

Today, Russia's positions in the global chemical goods market differ significantly for various commodity groups. So, for the production of mineral fertilizers, the domestic chemical industry is one of the world leaders: it belongs to the 3rd place. In terms of the production of synthetic rubbers, Russia ranks 4th in the world (10% of world production), but for the production of polypropylene only the 13th place (1-2%), and petrochemical products - 19th place (1%). The release of many progressive types of chemical products, even necessary for the Russian economy, is insignificant or not at all.

At the same time, the production of products relatively deep processing in general has stagnated, which led to the seizure of the Russian market by foreign manufacturers, as a result of which from the beginning of the 2000s. Russia has become a net importer of chemical products.

The future of Russia's chemical industry is closely associated with the prospects for the development of the global chemical market market. According to experts, by 2030, it may exceed 4 trillion dollars, due to the growth of the population of the planet. Given the current trends, the average annual increase in the turnover of chemical products is predicted until 2030 for China at 13%, India - 11, Russia - 5, the European Union (EU) - 4, USA - 3%. At this time, the main direction of the development of chemistry will be the creation of qualitatively new high-tech materials. The solution of this task and the structural modernization of the chemical complex industries are associated with the active participation of the state in the implementation of priorities proclaimed by him in the concept of socio-economic development of Russia until 2020.

Currently, the main factors constraining the development of the industry are: insufficient investment activity; restriction of access of Russian chemical products to the markets of individual foreign countries; high proportion of importance dependence on chemical supplies; non-compliance of the existing transport infrastructure to the export potential of the industry; Rising prices (tariffs) on the products (services) of the subjects of natural monopolies, which will restrain the growth rates of the production of nitrogen fertilizers, ammonia, plastics and will entail the rise in prices for them; Insufficient rates of introduction of innovative technologies using chemical products in adjacent areas (construction, housing and communal services, automotive industry, etc.).

The main objective of the Strategy for the Development of the Chemical and Petrochemical Industry of Russia until 2015, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Industry of Russia dated March 14, 2008 No. 119, and the project "Plan for the development of gas and petrochemicals of Russia for the period up to 2030" (Plan 2030) developed by the Ministry of Energy Russia is to increase the competitiveness and volume of production of various chemical products by Russian enterprises, primarily - based on the creation and implementation of resource-saving technologies.

The development of the power of domestic oil and gas chemistry in Plan 2030 is supposed to be carried out within six clusters: Volzhsky, West Siberian, Caspian,

East Siberian, Far Eastern and Northwest. They are created near sources of raw materials and sales markets. The functioning of clusters implies the active interaction of enterprises of the entire petrochemical production chain, including manufacturers of final products, local authorities, scientific institutions, universities.

In 2015, the proportion of the chemical industry in GDP should increase from 1.7 to 3%. At the same time, production volumes should grow three to four times, and the share of high redistribution products increase from 30 to 70% with the corresponding reduction in the share of raw materials. In total, about 4 trillion rubles are planned to invest in the petrochemical and chemical industries within the framework of the strategy., Including R & D expenses. However, the strategy more attention should be paid to measures aimed at environmentalizing chemical production, the introduction of innovative technologies and resources saving.

The strategy defines the main directions of the structural restructuring of the industry on the basis of state support: stimulating innovative and investment activity; the implementation of customs and tariff politics in order to protect the domestic producer in the domestic and foreign markets; carrying out investment transformations for more efficient management of the Chemical Complex of the Russian Federation; Improving Russian legislation in order to create favorable conditions for the development of the chemical sector of the economy.

These products of the oil refinery also belong to polymeric materials, although they have little in common with previous substances. The main physical difference between synthetic rubbers from the rest of the polymer group is that they are not thermoplastic. They are related to the group of elastomers, that is, substances that are in their normal state are able to deform under the influence of the load. After the pressure stops, they return to the primary form. There is an alternative to these substances in the world. It is called natural rubber and produced from the juice of the GEVE tree. The scale of production of natural material is not enough in order to meet the needs of the market. This was especially clearly demonstrated during World War II, when a large part of Geye's plantations were under the control of Japan. This has become an impetus to the development of this direction of petrochemistry in Western countries. To date, synthetic materials occupy almost 65% of the entire rubber market.

The monomers of rubber chains are substances associated with dienes. Their difference is that they have two double bonds between carbon atoms. The most popular of them is Divinyl (1.3-butadiene):

The second most important monomer is isoprene - a substance that is very close to the divinyl, but has one carbon atom more:

An interesting feature of the polymerization reaction is that a double bond is formed between 2 and 3 at the time of the molecule, while between 1 and 4 - single:

Due to such double bonds, the material has an increased elasticity, which is characterized only for this kind of polymers.

It is also worth understanding that there is a very big difference between the original rubber and finished rubber. Rubber are produced on the basis of rubber during the vulcanization process. When thermal processing with the addition of a special ingredient (volcanizer), individual molecular chains are reoriented in the transverse direction, which gives material greater strength. Most often, it serves as an additional element.

The history of synthetic kuchkov

With its wide popularity of rubber obliities at once several discoveries. Despite the fact that the material was known to thousands of years, it was practically not used because he had no sufficient strength. In 1840, John Gudiier was able to significantly improve the properties of rubber, opening the vulcanization process. After six years, his technology was able to find practical application. Robert Thompson patented the world's first pneumatic tire. Its essential advantage was wear resistance and comfort. Compared to the wooden wheels of the then crews, the tire was a real find. Unfortunately, the technology failed to put on industrial rails, because there was no possibility to produce fine rubber.

Only through forty years, the Scottish inventor John Dunlop could improve the process of rubber production. At the enterprise founded by him, tires were made for bicycles, crews, and then cars. And then the rubber became really popular in Europe. Millions of people who wanted to get raw materials and sell it in the old world began to go to Brazil.

However, the fishing existed quite short. GEVE seed export was banned by the Brazilian authorities. But at the same time they could not protect themselves from theft. Already in 1886, Henry Wicks was able to kidnap about one hundred thousand seeds of this tree. After Gevei was brought to Asia, it took some time on the organization of plantations. In less than a decade, Asia has become the main supplier of natural rubber on the world market. Ceylon and Malaysia offered lower prices, thereby pusing Brazil from the market. The demand for rubber rubber grew up every day. It was associated with the new inventions in the production of tires and the popularization of road transport. Already in 1891, the first shift tire brothers Michelin was invented. And just after nine years, the company "Gudier" presented its first tubeless tires. The rapid development of the automotive industry led to a serious increase in the growth of demand for rubber rubber. But natural material could not satisfy all consumers - there was a serious need for an alternative to natural rubber.

I could not quickly find a synthetic replacement. A lot of experiments were conducted, which were given only a partial result. The biggest success was achieved by the Russian scientist Ivan Kandakov. He managed to synthesize the elastic polymer. However, the open material was not widely used. Only in 1909 in Germany managed to get the first synthetic rubber. The developments of the Russian chemist were based on the basis. A patent for the production of synthetic rubber was registered in the name of the German chemist Frinz Hoffman.

In the same year, the report of the outstanding chemist of Sergey Lebedev was presented in Russia. He demonstrated all his discovery. It consisted in obtaining elastic polymeric material by thermopolymerization. An interesting feature of this discovery was the fact that it was this principle that was based on the industrial production of synthetic rubber. It was the first enterprise of a kind of kind not only in Russia, but also around the world.

World War II and the coup, arranged by the Bolsheviks, became a push for the development of the new industry. Before the Soviet Union, a serious problem was faced. It was impossible to get a natural rubber because the country was in the blockade. The only option remained to create its own production of synthetic rubber. Therefore, in 1926, a competition was held for the development of an industrial project for the production of synthetic rubber. Two options were proposed. In the first case, the chemist of being offered to obtain an elastic polymer from the produced petroleum raw materials. However, the then power did not allow to establish mass production. In this regard, the competition of Lebedev defeated the competition. According to his idea to synthesize rubber, it was worth the basis of butadiene, which was manufactured by processing ethyl alcohol. For his project, Lebedev received the title of Academician of Sciences and Order of Lenin. Production turned out to be so innovative that in its existence could not believe in Western countries, calling him no more than fiction and deception.

The first enterprise on this project was opened in Yaroslavl in 1932. After him, enterprises in Voronezh, Kazan and Efremov were founded. Each enterprise had the same production facilities. In general, the country could receive 40 thousand tons of synthetic rubber per year. Enterprises opened in a close place from the raw material base. Since ethyl alcohol was used as the basis, then plants were placed close to potato plantations. Sodium was used as a catalyst for the production process. This method of production could not boast of high efficiency. His main advantage was a low price, which was very important for the country at that moment.

The second manufacturer of synthetic rubber in the world was Germany. Interestingly, the reasons for the country were the same as the USSR. After the beginning of the Second World War, the country was in an econamic blockade. This is exactly what has become an impetus to the discovery of its own production facilities for the manufacture of synthetic rubber. The first enterprise became the plant in the city of Shopau. The process of producing polymer was seriously different and was more perfect. Synthetic rubber was carried out by reaction of copolymerization. At the same time used styrene and butadiene. All this happened in the aquatic environment, which made it possible to get a high-quality polymer. The production has been highly efficient, and by the end of the war, the group of enterprises could produce almost 180 thousand tons per year.

The United States was also forced to open their own production, since all GEVE plantations in Asia were under the control of Japan, and the deliveries stopped immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor. As a result, the government adopted a radical decision to start its own production of synthetic rubber. In just a few years, more than minus plants for the production of this polymer were opened in the country. An interesting fact is that after the end of the war, all production facilities transferred to the government's property.

Since the antgitler block won the war, the production facilities of Germany were divided between allies. Soviet Union managed to get a plant from the city of Shkopau. It was completely dismantled and exported to Voronezh. After the development of the new method of production of the USSR, became the leader in the production of synthetic rubber.

Ultimately, on the basis of butadiethyrerol rubber, their own types of polymer were developed. At the same time, no one forgot about a more traditional method of producing polymer. It was decided to produce rubber on the basis of artificial alcohol, and not natural, which was even more sued its cost. Several enterprises opened. After that, technologies for the production of polymer with various petrochemical products were developed. Production began to produce polyisoprene synthetic rubber. This material is very close to its qualities to natural raw materials.

Production of synthetic kuchukov

The simplified flowchart of the production of various types of synthetic polymer is presented below:

The production of synthetic rubber has its own characteristics and complexity. The main one is the need to synthesize a large number of diverse monomers. That is why the gas formation process is so important in the oil refining industry - it allows you to obtain individual fractions of the necessary lungs of carbon at the exit. The most interesting for this industry are Bhutan and isobutan, which are also obtained on refineries. After the pyrolysis procedure and separation, the raw materials are transmitted to further processing.

The first stage of further production is dehydrogenation of substances. Thus, it is possible to obtain double bonds of carbon after the extra hydrogen atoms are removed. After such a procedure, it is possible to produce isoprene and butadiene. These are the most important materials for the polymerization process of synthetic rubber. Substances are made in other ways. For example, with pyrolysis of liquid gases, it is possible to get isoprene. In addition, this substance can be obtained based on isobutylene and formaldehyde.

Since the synthetic rubber is a copolymer, the styrene and its derivatives are often used as additional substances. For example, a common "additive" is methylstyrene, which is obtained as a result of adding polypropylene instead of ethylene. An acrylonitrile can also become an important substance. It is made on the basis of ammonia and propylene. Depending on the method of production, it is possible to obtain several polymeric materials of the rubber group. In the Russian Federation, a classification was adopted, according to which the polybutadiene rubber has a marking of a CCD, a copolymer of butadiene and styrene can be labeled BSC and DSSK. The difference between all these materials is the method of producing a polymer and used for this basis. As a result, it is possible to make a huge variety of elastic polymers. The most common is the isoprene rubber (SKI), which is very close to natural on its qualities. One of its species is butyl rubber (BC), whose chemical name isoprene isobutylene.

Separate groups also distinguishes copolymers of ethylene and propylene, in which a small part of diene is added. It is impossible to attribute them to pure rubbers, but they have been widely used in certain areas. To obtain certain qualities in polymers, chromium and bromine are often added. They are included in the chains of polymers, giving them the desired characteristics.

One of the most popular contemporary rubber groups are TEP. Abbreviation is deciphered as thermoelastoplasts. That is, these substances possess the properties of all polymers. They are enough plastic in the normal state and can be processed by traditional methods for thermoplastics.

Synthetic rubbers in Sibur

Rubber's production is engaged in several Holding enterprises, which are located in Voronezh, Tolyatti and Krasnoyarsk. Holding is one of the largest producers of elastic polymers in the world, occupying the sixth position in the list. All holding companies produce most of the well-known types of synthetic rubber. Butadiene is used as a raw material base, its own production isois, and styrene, acrylonitrile and isobutylene as copolymers.

Enterprises use mainly their own raw materials. It comes in the tanks with Sibur-Neftekhim, the plant in Tomsk and some enterprises of LUKOIL. For the most part, raw materials come in the form of substances with various composition, after which the fractionation process is in place. A lot of copolymers are supplied from third-party manufacturers, which allows for the production capacity of the holding constant loading. One of the partners of the company is the Belarusian manufacturer "Polymir".

After the monomers will pass the necessary cleaning, they are amenable to polymerization. For various types of materials, various substances and production media are used. A water suspension is very often used, which can add small pieces of finished rubber. It is around such particles that the rest are collected, which allows you to get ready-made materials. An essential difference has been isoprene. For this, a hydrocarbon solvent medium is used.

After the polymerization reaction, the materials obtained are purified from unnecessary impurities (water, solvents, etc.). An interesting feature of production is that most of the products are supplied to other countries. The main consumer is China. In addition, on the basis of some types of rubber, the Ecological tires of the company "Continental" are manufactured. Also on the Voronezh enterprise, many types of TEP are manufactured, which have found their use in many specialized areas. SIBUR company is engaged in the release of synthetic rubber and the introduction of a large number of modern technologies.

The use of synthetic kuchukov

Most of the rubber type products are based on synthetic rubbers. The substance is used for the production of materials for any sphere of industry, including food. Based on rubber produced automotive tires, insulation materials, medical suits, waterproof clothing, shoes, etc. The largest consumer of materials based on synthetic rubber are automotive companies. It is the tires that are the most demanded goods from a synthetic rubber. Currently in the world there are about five hundred plants for the production of automotive tires, which produce more than one billion units of goods per year.

Polymers are also very important materials. They are used in the production of a large number of building materials. The most important sphere of application of these polymers is road construction. The positive qualities of the material allow to extend the service life of the road surface almost three times. To date, the use of TEP in the construction of roads is a prerequisite. In China, almost one hundred percent of the road surface is manufactured using polymers TEP as binding substances. Such technology would solve the constant problem of our country.

Important application of synthetic rubbers is the production of latex. Its additives are added to construction paints, impregnating fluids, finishing materials and much more. In addition, on the basis of this group, consumer goods are produced, toys, medical instruments, elements of clothing, shoes, etc. In any field of human activity, where the need for elastic materials arises, synthetic rubbers are used. At the same time, artificial polymers have a much larger set of positive qualities than their natural analogues.

In an effort to find a method of producing artificial rubber, S.V. Lebedev intuitively went on the path of imitation of nature. He studying the samples of natural rubber and concluded that rubber is a diene carbon polymer. In this regard, to obtain an artificial rubber, he decided to use a hydrocarbon from the dien group.

And yet the artificial rubber was inferior to naturally on one of the most important characteristics - elasticity. When studying the spatial structure of the natural rubber, it turned out that it has a stereoregular structure: CH2 groups in the rubber macromolecules are not chaotic, but by a single side of the double bond in each chain. Such a location and gives molecules the structure that ensures the elasticity of the material. To improve the quality of rubber, S.V. Lebedev applied a method of vulcanization, i.e. By adding sulfur in the rubber, the mixture is heated. As a result, the rubber became softer and acquired a porous structure.

Currently, they managed to obtain catalysts, which did not exist at Lebedev, and the rubber properties have improved significantly. Solving the problem of obtaining cheaper and affordable rubber, S. V. Lebedev came to the conclusion that another raw material should be used to produce synthetic rubber. After all, the initial substance for the production of butadiene from which the rubber was produced was the usual ethyl alcohol - ethanol, formed in the fermentation process from grain crops and potatoes. This method of produced by rubber did expensive. Therefore, S.V. Lebedev developed a method for producing rubber from oil refining products. As a result, he got a milk-white liquid, as saturated as the colors of wood rubber.

Unlike a natural rubber, which gradually becomes dense, artificial rubber needs thickeners. Therefore, S.V. Lebedev kneaded in one container with white liquid acid and saint solution. Today in the global economy up to 30% rubber is mined from plantations. Hectares of the landing of Brazilian Geyey gives a year from 950 to 2000 kg of rubber (it is collected portion, 45-60 g). This certainly harms rubbing trees. Therefore, the method of obtaining an artificial rubber proposed by S.V. Lebedev, has not only economic, but also the environmental value.

The first country, established the large-scale production of the synthetic rubber, was the USSR.

In 1931, an experienced plant was built in Leningrad. On July 7, 1932, the first industrial plant for the production of synthetic rubber - Yaroslavl SC-1 was launched; On this day, the world's first industrial batch of synthetic (sodium-butadiene) rubber was obtained.

In 1932, three large plants for the production of synthetic rubber were built in the USSR: SC-1 in Yaroslavl, SK-2 in Voronezh (launched in the fall of 1932) and SC-3 in Efremov (launched in 1933).

In 1932, began producing a synthetic rubber plant "Red Triangle".

In 1961, divinyl-alpha-methylstyrene rubber was obtained on an industrial scale at the Kuibyshevsky Plant IC (now Togliattikuchuk). Here they began to do it on the new technology - not from food raw materials, but from petrochemical products.

In 1964, an isoprene rubber, similar to natural rubber, was obtained at the factory for the first time in the world.

In 1982, in Togliatti began to produce a new brand for the country - Butylucheuk.

Department of chemical fuel technology.

Coursework at the rate

"Total Chemical Technology"

Production of synthetic rubber.

Performed:

Student 2kurs

g. Himmusk-08-1

Shafhersov Yu.A.

Checked:

Candidate Chem. Science

Okulovova T.V.

Angarsk 2011.

1. Introduction

2. The main properties of general rubber

2.1 Comparison of the properties of the main types of rubber

3. Technologies and production

3.1 Types of polymerization

4. Butadiene styrene rubbers

4.1 Physical characteristics of emulsion butadiene-styrene rubbers with different content of styrene units

4.2 Properties of volcanizers of low-temperature emulsion butadiene-methylstyrene rubbers containing about 23% of styrene units

5. Reactor-polymerizer

6. Conclusion

6. List of references

1. Introduction

Currently, there is a large variety of rubber, according to properties and characteristics, they can be divided into two major segments: general purpose rubber and special-purpose rubber.

A number of events affected the invention of synthetic rubber: an industrial revolution, progress in motor-building, two world wars, growing demand for rubber and a natural rubber deficit provoked the global demand for elastomers. Synthetic rubbers became the necessary alternative to natural rubber and attached additional properties of products.

Currently, there is a large variety of rubber on properties and characteristics. But in the most general form, they can be divided into two large segments: general purpose rubber and special-purpose rubber.

Table 1

Common rubber are used in those products in which the nature of rubber itself is important and there are no special requirements for the finished product. Special purpose rubbers have a narrower scope of use and are used to give a rubber product (tires, belts, shoe soles, etc.) of a given property, such as wear resistance, oil resistance, frost resistance, increased grip with wet road, etc. Most often, one rubber combines several properties, so the selection of rubber in the recipes of the rubber-technical product for certain areas is a thorough operation of technologists.

Special machines are used in the rubber and technical industry in much smaller quantities compared to general-purpose rubber. The applications of general-purpose rubber and special purpose also have differences. Therefore, in this review, only general purpose rubber will be considered in detail, which have similar methods for obtaining, processing and applications.

The properties of synthetic rubbers determine their scope. The creation of the recipes of the rubber-technical product is accompanied by the selection of various types of rubber, fillers, softeners, etc. The correct combination of all components in the formulation allows you to obtain a rubber-technical product with specified properties.

2. Home Properties of General Purpose

Boutadiene styrene rubber

Butadiene-styrene rubber has an excellent combination of functional properties in various applications. This rubber considers the best general purpose rubber due to the excellent properties of high abrasion resistance and a high percentage of filling. With an increase in the content of styrene links (α-methylstyrene) in the copolymer decreases elasticity of rubber, frost resistance deteriorates, but the strength indicators increase. A characteristic feature of butadiene-styrene (α-methylstyrene) rubbers is the low resistance to the rupture of unauthorized volcanisites. These rubbers have a higher glass transition temperature compared to natural rubber and inferior to natural frost resistance rubber. An important advantage of butadiene-styrene rubber in front of a natural rubber is a smaller tendency to form the formation of cracks, higher wear-bearing, steam and waterproof, the best resistance to thermal, ozone and light aging. Silent dielectric properties have rubbers with a high styrene content (the number of styrene in the mixture of monomers 50 wt.% And above).

Polbutadiene rubber

Most of the polybutadiene rubber is currently produced by 1,4-cisis type, but some have a mixed structure of the links. Being an unsaturated rubber, it easily vulcanizes with sulfur. Polybutadiene rubber has excellent resistance to low temperatures and to abrasion. But at the same time, it does not have high tensile strength and is usually filled with reinforcing additives. It also has less tensile strength, poor technological processing and poor clutch with an expensive compared to a natural rubber. Therefore, in the recipes of rubber products, it is mixed with a natural rubber or butadiene-styrene rubber.

Polybutadiene rubbers are used in large quantities in mixtures with other elastomers, to give good properties of hysteresis and abrasion resistance. The polybutadiene mixtures with butadiene-styrene or natural rubber are widely used in passenger and cargo tires to improve cracking resistance. In addition, polybutadiene rubber is used as a modifier in mixtures with other elastomers to improve frost-resistant properties, resistance to thermal aging, abrasion and cracking.

Butylchuk

Butyluccule has a unique ability to hold the air, which provides him of unconditional priority in the tire industry in the production of chambers and diaphragms. Butyl rubber car chambers retain the initial air pressure of 8-10 times longer than similar natural rubber cameras, which increases the service life of the bus at least 10-18% compared to natural rubber. Rack rubber to ozone exposure and has good resistance to polar solvents, aqueous solutions of acids and oxidizing reagents. It has good resistance to the animal and vegetable oil, but butyl chucks of froths to the effects of mineral oils.

The boutique tensile strength is slightly less compared to a natural rubber, but at high temperatures, this indicator is the same for both rubbers. The abrasion resistance is good when rubber is carefully filled (as well as the residual deformation of the compression), but the elasticity still remains very low. The disadvantages of butyl rubber include its low volcanization rate, unsatisfactory adhesion to metals, poor compatibility with some ingredients, low elasticity at ordinary temperatures, high heat generation with multiple deformations.

Some of these essential flavors of the butyl rubber (such as the low volcanization rate, which prevents its use in mixtures with other rubber, low adhesion to many materials, especially metals) is eliminated by partial change in the chemical nature of the polymer. For example, the introduction of a small amount of halogen atoms into macromolecules. Bromboutyluchet (from 1 to 3.5 wt.% Bromine) is processed and mixed with ingredients as well as butyl tank. But at the same time bromobutylucheus vulcanizes much faster than butyl chuck. The vulcanization rate of bromobutyl rubber is comparable at the velucanization rate of natural, butadiene-styrene and other rubbers, which makes it possible to use it in mixtures with these elastomers. Other halogenated butyl rubber, for example, chlorobutyl carcuce (1.1 - 1.3 wt.% Chlorine) have similar properties. However, the rate of vulcanization and the properties of chlorobutyl volcanisites are somewhat lower than the bromobutyl rubber.

Ethylene propylene rubbers

Ethylene propylene rubbers are the lightest rubber, which have a density from 0.86 to 0.87. Properties depend on the content and variation of ethylene units in copolymer units. Ethylene propylene rubber does not contain double bonds in the molecule, colorless, has excellent resistance to heat, light, oxygen and ozone. For saturated ethylene-propylene rubbers, peroxidation vulcanization is used. Rubber ethylene-propylene-diene, which contains partial insaturation of links, allows vulcanization with gray. It is slightly less resistant to aging than ethylene-propylene rubber.

The saturated character of ethylene copolymer with propylene affects the properties of rubber based on this rubber. The stability of rubber data to heat and aging is much better than that of the styrene and natural rubber butadiene. Ready-made rubber products also have excellent resistance to inorganic or high-polar fluids such as acids, alkalis and alcohols. The properties of rubber based on this type of rubber do not change after it is kept for 15 days at 25 ° C in 75% and 90% gray acid and in 30% nitric acid. On the other hand, the resistance to aliphatic, aromatic or chlorine-containing hydrocarbons is quite low.

All types of ethylene-propylene rubbers are filled with reinforcing fillers, such as soot to give good mechanical properties. Electric, insulating and dielectric properties of pure ethylene-propylene rubber extraordinary, but also depend on the choice of filling ingredients. Their elastic properties are better than many synthetic rubbers, but they do not reach the level of natural rubber and butadiene styrene rubber. These rubbers have two significant drawbacks. They cannot be mixed with other simple rubber and unstable to the effects of oil.