The duties of people carrying out military service in units and institutions of the Armed Forces include the fulfillment of military duty. This service is not just a profession, but a vocation. Society and the entire state as a whole assigns socially responsible functions to servicemen.
There is no place in the military profession for people with poor physical fitness and weak willpower. After all, the main task of the military is to protect and retain the territory, as well as human and material resources. People on active duty are obliged to unquestioningly follow all orders for necessary military actions, operations and measures. They must be able to predict the required number of units of equipment and manpower that needs to be used. Their responsibilities include detecting potential hazards as well as drafting emergency reports.
Depending on the assigned military rank and official position, all employees are divided into chiefs (senior) and subordinates (junior). Strict observance of subordination is an integral part of service in the ranks of the army.
The demand for the military profession is average. Military service is not so popular today, many young people try to avoid conscription and try to evade service. A small salary, austerity and some restrictions in the army scare the young potential defenders of the state. Meanwhile, the Russian military has always been distinguished by courage, courage and dedication. This profession is considered honorable and is treated with great respect. Employees are legally provided with guarantees and compensation. For them, there are benefits when entering educational institutions, when traveling in public transport. Servicemen are entitled to a fairly long vacation and early retirement pension. Housing is provided for families in which the husband is in active service. These facts are, of course, a nice bonus.
But as in any kind of activity, in the military profession, in addition to advantages, there are also disadvantages. A person in service does not have to choose the city and climatic conditions where he and his family need to move. Sometimes irregular working hours and night shifts require a lot of patience and perseverance from employees and his family. The peculiarity of the military profession also lies in the fact that it is risky and dangerous, since those serving at sea, in the air or on land, if necessary, can be sent to "hot spots" at any time.
Personal qualities
The main qualities of the military character, first of all, include high morality, decency and, of course, patriotism. People in military uniform are distinguished by organization, honesty and integrity, observation and decisiveness. They must be demanding not only of themselves, but also of their colleagues. Military personnel have the ability to analyze the available facts and predict the further course of events. Only people with a normal psyche who control their emotions can serve in the army.
Good physical endurance, discipline, efficiency - these characteristics are far from the last in the list of qualities that people in military service should have. Most people associate the word "military" with such words as self-control, courage and endurance.
Education (What do you need to know?)
People with strong-willed character traits and organizational skills who can respond quickly and make decisions quickly should try their hand at becoming a military man. You can master this profession by receiving a secondary specialized or higher education. Future employees of the army study at military schools, academies, institutes and universities.
Place of work and career
Servicemen work in military organizations, in research institutes. Of course, people of this profession serve in military garrisons, subunits, units, etc. They also work in peacekeeping troops and go to "hot spots". Teaching activity is also possible.
Some employees in the army are trying to get a high rank, which makes it possible to receive a good military pension after service. People in this profession cannot engage in any entrepreneurial activity. Therefore, those who want to open their own business in the future should not associate their lives with the army.
SERVE
SERVE
SERVE
I serve, I serve; servant (see this word), nonsov.
1. to whom; to what... Do something, perform some kind of n. work for smb., obeying smb. instructions, orders. "I will serve you gloriously, diligently and very regularly." Pushkin . "To serve and please myself only." Pushkin . Serve someone. faithfully. Serve the master. Serve carelessly.
|| transfer To surrender completely to the power of someone, to be zealous, surrendering to someone. (rhetorician joking). Serve the Bacchus(to be a drunkard). Serve mammon(to please your sensuality). "My father is not servants or friends in them(money) sees, but gentlemen; And he serves them himself, and how he serves! like an Algerian slave, like a chain dog. " Pushkin .
2. transfer., to whom. Work, do something. for smb. benefit, to be useful in something. "I will not agree to serve a bad deed." Nekrasov . "Serving art, live for the good of your neighbor." Nekrasov . "Who serves the cause, not the persons." Griboyedov . Serve science. Serve the revolution.
3. by whom and without additional... Work, be somewhere. in service (see service in 2 digits). "I would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve." Griboyedov . "Serving excellently and nobly, his father lived in debt." Pushkin . "He served with us and was an honest and teetotal man." Saltykov-Shchedrin . To serve in the military. Serve as a secretary. Serve as a supervisor. Serve as a watchman.
4. (Sov. serve) what. To be, to be something. Our trade unions serve as a school of communism. The first chapter in this book serves as an introduction. A decrease in the patient's temperature is a sign of recovery..
5. without additional... To be in military service, to be in the military. "Colonels for a long time, and serve recently." Griboyedov . Serve under smb. banners(under the command of some n. commander).
6. (Sov. serve) for what and how... To have something for its purpose, to be suitable for something. The separator is used to separate cream from milk. The stone floor served as a bed for the prisoner. This room is for me to study.
8. without additional... Standing on your hind legs, lift the front legs up, as if asking for something. (about dogs).
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary... D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.
See what "SERVE" is in other dictionaries:
SERVE, serve someone, what, what, or what, be fit, come in handy, be fit, useful; to be a tool, a means to an end, to go into business, to do something, to be needed and needed. An inactive person does not serve for anything. What are the trinkets for ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
To serve, to serve, to be (to be, to be registered) in the service, to be in the service, to serve out the service, to correct the position; to perform sacraments, perform services, worship. Decide (to enter, to be hired) for the service. Serve by faith and ... ... Synonym dictionary
SERVE, serve, serve; unverified. 1. Carry, perform service (in the 2nd, 3rd and 6th values). S. in the ministry. S. in the army. S. Mass. 2. transfer., To whom (what). Do what n. for whom what n., performing whose n. will, orders, to direct their activities to ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
serve- SERVE, target ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms for Russian speech
serve- to last to continue to continue - Topics oil and gas industry Synonyms to last to remain to continue to continue EN last ... Technical translator's guide
serve- war to serve as a pastime of research serve the subject, use to serve as an expression of action, an indirect object to serve the cause, an indirect object, assistance to serve as evidence of an action, an indirect object to serve the interests ... ... Verb collocation of non-subject names
Ver., Nsv., Uptr. very often Morphology: I serve, you serve, he / she / it serves, we serve, you serve, they serve, serve, serve, served, served, served, served, employee, served, served; St. serve, serve, serve; noun ... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary
serve- to whom what, what and for what. 1. to whom what (to do what l. For whom, what l., Direct their activities for the benefit of what l.). Serve the revolution. Will you work, serve holy art (Chekhov). 2. what and for what (to perform which l. ... ... Management Dictionary
serve- to serve selflessly ... Dictionary of Russian Idioms
I serve, serve; employee; nsv. 1. Work for hire, perform the duties of an employee. S. in the office. S. secretary. S. on the railroad. Grandfather served as a forester. * I would be glad to serve, to serve sickeningly (Griboyedov). 2. To carry out military duties, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Serve, do not grieve, Victor Gastello. The story of Victor Gastello "To serve - not to grieve" is presented to your attention. It tells in a light humorous form about the formation of the personality of private Kostya Levushkin and his fighting ...
The State Service of Russia began to take shape with the formation of statehood itself, in ancient Rome, where they also attached more importance to public service and management. In Kievan Rus in the 9th-11th centuries, tiuns and elders performed certain functions or leadership of the branches of the princely palace economy. Moreover, initially, the category of people managing the princely court was dependent, that is, they were not slaves, but slaves (slaves). Over time, these palace rulers turn into managers of the branches of the princely (state) economy. The princely squad, however, cannot be ranked among the public service, since the prince was considered in the squad "first among equals" and in this military formation there were relations that differed from the relations of "service." Civil service began to develop actively during the formation of the Moscow centralized state from XII to XV century. It was during this period that a centralized state apparatus was created, completely new structures of power in the Moscow state. The basis of the new statehood was the system of non-local relations, when the category of service people (nobles) received for their service, both military and civilian land allotments for food. Put on was given for the duration of the service. Servants are already serving, receiving maintenance for this. By the 15th century, there was a different reduction in feudal privileges and immunities. A hierarchy of court ranks is formed, given for service: the okolnik, butler, treasurer, the ranks of the Duma nobles, the Duma clerks. The principle of parochialism was formed, linking the possibility of holding public office with the origin of the candidate, his nobility. Until the 12th century, all these relations continued to develop and strengthen. In the middle of the 16th century, the first attempt was made to legally equate the patrimony (feudal land tenure) with the estate (service land tenure). A unified order of state (military service) was established, when, regardless of the form of land tenure, it was obliged to exhibit the same number of armed people. A system of orders is developing as central bodies with strict subordination along the vertical and strict guidance of instructions and assumptions along the horizontal. In the field, under the governors, special control units are also created.
By the 17th century, an order-provincial system of government had developed in Russia. For the nobles and other service classes, public service was obligatory. It was based on land plots, personal merits, and nobility. The legislation governing the service is also developing. These are the Code of Laws of 1497 and 1550, the Cathedral Code of 1649, grand ducal and then royal decrees. The accession to the throne in 1682 by the young Peter I marked the development and strengthening of the new system of state bodies, rather radical changes in the state system as a whole. For the reforms carried out by Peter - I, he makes the nobility serve. The legal status of the nobility was significantly changed by the adoption of the Decree on single inheritance of 1714, which secured the inheritance of the estate only for the eldest son. The rest of the children were forced to take up military or civilian service and serve for a salary. The logical continuation of the Decree on single inheritance was the Table of Ranks (1722). Professional qualities, personal dedication and service become determinants of career advancement. The report card formulated a new system of ranks and positions. The terms of service in certain ranks were established, with the achievement of ranks of the eighth grade, the official was awarded the title of hereditary nobleman, with the transfer of this title by inheritance, from the fourteenth to the seventh grade the official received personal nobility. Thus, the principle of seniority subordinated the principle of gentility. The table of ranks equalized military and civilian service. Each military rank had a corresponding civil rank, and the principles of promotion were similar. The training of personnel for the new state apparatus began to be carried out in special schools and academies in Russia and abroad. Education and special training become the most important doctors in determining the qualifications of an official. The civil service is centralized and uniform throughout the country. The service is already regulated by special legislative acts: the General Regulations (1720), seven regulations for various collegia that determine the general structure, status and direction of activities of individual state institutions, the Military Charter. In addition, the service was regulated by manifestos, decrees of the king and then the emperor.
In the second half of the 18th century, under Catherine II, the system laid down by Peter I continues to improve. The provincial reform and a number of reforms of state bodies are being carried out. The most important acts were the Manifesto of Peter III "On the granting of liberty and freedom to the entire Russian nobility" (1762) and a similar decree on the noble liberties of Catherine II herself. They exempted the nobility from compulsory military and civil service. Thus, after Peter - I, there is a gradual weakening, and then the abolition of the obligatory state service for the main service class - the nobility, it became their privilege.
Civil service underwent a new development in the first half of the 19th century. Its development is associated with the name of the outstanding statesman of Russia - Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky. In 1809, he prepares a decree on the compulsory examination for holding public office. An educational qualification was established, as well as compulsory higher university education to fill a number of positions. And although this decree was canceled under pressure from the bureaucracy, nevertheless, it introduced new principles of civil service, which later found application. In 1832, the "Charter on the Civil Service" was adopted, in 1834 the "Rules on the Procedure for Production to the Ranks of the Civil Service", in 1845 changes were introduced to the Table of Ranks. During the 19th century, a number of provisions were established that characterize the civil service. This is the prohibition of family ties in the service, the conduct of a certain way of life, which was not supposed to undermine the authority and dignity of state power, the prohibition of certain occupations, maintenance, depending on rank and position, including salary, canteen and apartment money, the right to benefits and retirement benefits. resignation. Increased criminal protection against crimes was guaranteed in the performance of his duties, and a special procedure was established for bringing state officials themselves to trial. Civil servants of the empire had established uniforms, each had a mandatory service record (formulary list), dismissal was made on request, and so on. Thus, we can conclude that Russia before 1917 had detailed legislation on civil service and developed civil service as a typical one. Under Soviet rule, all of this legislation was abolished. This was due, first of all, to the ideas of the rapid withering away of every state, the demolition of the old state apparatus and the abolition of all bureaucracy. Under Soviet rule, no special law on public service was adopted, only service in the army and the organs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was regulated in detail. Service in state bodies was regulated by only a few bylaws. A number of decrees introduced class ranks and ranks in some industries, by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in 1922, "Temporary rules on work in state institutions and enterprises" were adopted, in 1967 the State Committee for Labor approved the Unified Nomenclature of Positions of Employees and a number of other acts. The materials of the XXI Congress of the CPSU asserted that work in the apparatus has ceased to be a special progression in general. It was only at the end of the 1980s that the need for the adoption of the Union Law on the Civil Service was recognized.
In subsequent years, the legislation of our country did not stand still, but only moved forward, in this regard, various normative legal acts were issued that regulated the issues of public service in Russia, its originality and peculiarities. I would especially like to note the beginning of the 21st century. The 21st century has marked the emergence in our hands of very important regulatory documents related to this field of activity, namely Federal Laws of 11.11.2003 N 141-FZ "On the system of public civil service" and Federal Law of July 27, 2004 N 79- Federal Law "On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation", and we are also witnessing the first stage (2009-2010) of the federal program "Reforming and Development of the Civil Service System of the Russian Federation (2009-2013)".
Alexey Barabanov 22.02.2015
Alexey Barabanov 22.02.2015
HISTORY OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY
The army has been an indispensable attribute of states for a long time. The army was assigned the role of an organized defensive force. At the same time, the army was also used to expand the territory, to conduct various military operations.The development and formation of the Armed Forces is inextricably linked with the history of the Russian state.
The army, like any organizational structure, especially a social structure, has its own characteristics and traditions.
Until the 9th century, the Slavs often used sabotage tactics of war. The Slavs not only raided, but also participated as mercenaries in many wars on the side of Byzantium. The Slavs had no cavalry. The Slavs were influenced by different peoples, but mostly they were Avars, Byzantines, Varangians. According to foreign chronicles, the Eastern Slavs did not have armor, were armed only with spears (we are talking about sulitsy), small shields, axes of the Slavic type, it can be assumed that many had bows. In addition, the Byzantines describe only individual East Slavic tribes, and the weaponry and subsequently in different regions of Russia was very different.
In the 9th-13th centuries, the main part of the princely army was the squad. It had a clear classification of people according to the level of experience and professionalism. It was divided into the older one, which included not only the Slavs, but also various Scandinavians who contributed to the formation of the Old Russian army, and the younger, which was divided into three subgroups: youths (military servants, which could be people of different nationalities), greedy (bodyguards Prince) and children (children of senior warriors). The system of official position is also known: after the prince came the governors, then the thousand, the centurion, the ten. By the middle of the 11th century, the senior squad turned into boyars. The number of squads is not known exactly, but it was small. For example, in 1093 the Grand Duke of Kiev Svyatopolk had 800 youths. In the wars, in addition to the professional squad, both free community members from the common people and the urban population could take part. In the annals they are referred to as voi. The number of such a militia could be several thousand people. It happened that in the campaigns women took part on an equal basis with men. People living on the border combined crafts and agriculture with the functions of border troops. Since the XII century, cavalry has been actively developing, which is divided into heavy and light. The Russians were not inferior to any of the European peoples in military affairs. Sometimes foreigners were hired for the service. Most often they were Normans, Pechenegs, then Cumans, Hungarians, Berendeys, Torcs, Poles, Balts, occasionally even Bulgarians, Serbs and Germans. The bulk of the troops were infantry. But by that time there was already a cavalry formed to defend against the Pechenegs and other nomads. There was also a good fleet of rooks.
The tactics used were different, although not very diverse. The wall was a widespread battle formation. From the flanks, she could cover herself with cavalry. The "regimental row" was also used - a three-tier battle formation, divided into the center and flanks.
The armament was different. Swords were mainly used by senior vigilantes and greedies. Battle axes of two types were very actively used - Varangian axes with long handles and Slavic infantry axes. Striking weapons were widespread - clubs with bronze or iron tops. Kisteni, but as an additional weapon, not the main one. In the 10th century, sabers took root in Southern Russia, which were more effective for fighting horse nomads. Of course, various knives were used, in the militia, in case of poverty, cheap home-made weapons were also used - in particular, a pitchfork, a flail and a wooden grip, which is sometimes incorrectly called a spear. Spears were of several types. "Armor-piercing" infantry; cavalry; from the street; anti-window spears. Everyone knew how to use bows, since they are necessary for hunting. Crossbows were also used, but much less frequently. Throwing weapons are known in Russia no later than the 10th century.
The main protective equipment was shields, drop-shaped or round. Helmets in Russia have always traditionally been domed, with only a few exceptions. The helmets were supplied with a padding to protect the face and an aventail to protect the back of the neck. Chain mail was used as armor, which was widespread already in the 10th century. Later, plate and scale armor appeared and were more rare.
In Muscovite Russia, due to various reasons, the main of which is the influence of Asian peoples (especially the Mongols), the importance of cavalry is sharply increasing. The entire squad becomes equestrian and by this time is gradually transformed into a noble militia. In military tactics, the mobility of the cavalry and its use of deceitful methods have increased. That is, the basis of the army is made up of a fairly numerous noble cavalry, and the infantry goes into the background. Firearms in Russia began to be used from the end of the XIV century. The exact date is unknown, but it is believed that this happened under Dmitry Donskoy no later than 1382. With the development of field firearms, the heavy cavalry lost its importance, but the light could effectively resist it. At the end of the 15th century, the feudal militia passed to the permanent all-Russian army. It was based on the noble local cavalry (the sovereign's service people), united in regiments under the command of the grand-ducal governors. But at first they had no firearms. It was used by gunners (the old name of the Russian artilleryman) and squeakers (infantry armed with firearms - squeakers), the first information about which dates back to the beginning of the 15th century. At the same time, the Cossacks were formed.
Over the years, the Russian people constantly had to wage an armed struggle, defending their lands from foreign invaders. In the period from the XIV to the XVII century. practically there is not a single peaceful year when it would be calm on the borders of the Russian state and there was no need to repulse the enemy. Therefore, the state was in constant readiness for war, and its structure corresponded to this requirement. All social groups and estates were divided into those who fought against the enemies, and those who supported the fighters materially or spiritually. According to Russian historians, the Moscow state in the 16th century. had an army of 150-200 thousand professional soldiers. In the most serious and important military campaigns, the militia joined the combat regiments. It consisted of townspeople and peasants, usually poorly armed and of little use for combat. The militias were mainly used to guard convoys, build roads, perform engineering work during the siege of enemy fortresses. In such campaigns, the total number of troops could be up to 300 thousand people.
The basis of the armed forces of the Russian state during this period was made up of the noble detachments. For military service, the nobles received from the Moscow sovereigns land holdings with peasants (estates).
A clear system of gathering military men was developed. At the reviews, where their readiness for combat was checked, each nobleman was obliged to appear in full armor, having two horses - a combat and a spare, one or more armed servants. In case of failure to appear for the inspection, being late for a campaign, arriving poorly equipped or without the prescribed number of armed servants, a fine or a reduction in the size of land ownership was imposed. Throughout their lives, the nobles were obliged to carry out military service, they were all considered service people from generation to generation. Over the long years of military practice, they acquired high fighting qualities and skills of professional warriors.
In addition to service people from the nobility, a considerable part of the armed forces of the Moscow state were service people for hire, who did not receive estates, but a monetary salary. Among them, the most numerous were archers - the infantry, armed with squeaks (match rifles) and battle axes (berdysh).
The first permanent units of the archers were formed under Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible in 1550 after the second Kazan campaign. By decree of the tsar, a detachment of foot Russian troops of 3 thousand people was established. The detachment consisted of six "articles" (regiments) of 500 riflemen each, which were divided into hundreds of riflemen. The rifle army was formed from the townspeople. The service was lifelong and hereditary. For military service, the archers received a cash and grain salary, as well as land plots near cities. So a permanent army appeared in Russia. In the future, the strength of the streltsy army grew rapidly, and by the end of the 16th century. Streltsy already numbered 20-30 thousand, by the middle of the 17th century. - about 50 thousand people. The streltsy army proved itself well in the siege and defense of fortresses, not a single garrison of a Russian city could do without streltsy.
In campaigns and battles, the Russian army improved its organizational structure. From about the XIV century. they began to divide it into shelves. To participate in minor combat operations, the army was formed from three regiments. In major battles, it consisted of five regiments: large, forward, right hand, left hand and sentry. The number of regiments varied from several hundred to several thousand soldiers (depending on the scale of the campaign). The role of the Ministry of Defense in the Moscow state was played by the Discharge Order, which was in charge of appointing to posts, forming troops and fortress garrisons, as well as providing service people with land.
Historians note that in pre-Petrine times, the Russian system of military organization and command and control was well adapted to solving the tasks it faced. The Russian government, striving to keep up with Europe, carried out military reforms, making the maximum possible efforts in this direction and never sparing funds.
Russian firearms were represented by various cannons and squeaks. At first, the guns were imported from Europe, but at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries, we organized our own large-scale production of firearms. Melee weapons have not lost their importance, since it took a considerable time to reload a firearm. First of all, sabers and reeds were used, and some other weapons were also used. Protective equipment almost lost its role, but was still retained due to hand-to-hand combat. To protect the head, they used helmets and shishaks, in particular - erikhons, as well as iron hats.
In 1632-1634. in the Muscovite state, regiments of a new system appeared, that is, soldier, reitar and dragoon regiments, formed according to the Western European model. Several soldiers' regiments were formed from Russian people, in which foreigners who were in the Russian service were officers. Each regiment numbered up to 1,750 people, of which approximately 1,600 were Russians and 150 were foreigners. The regiment was divided into eight companies. The Reitarsky regiment (heavy cavalry) of about 2 thousand people was formed from the Russian people. This regiment consisted of 14 companies of 125-130 men each. By 1657, 11 Reitar and soldier regiments were formed in Russia.
The first three-masted ship "Frederic", built in Russia according to the European standard, was launched in Balakhna in 1636, during the reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.
The reform of the army was carried out under Peter the Great. In 1698-1699, the streltsy regiments were disbanded, instead of which regular soldiers were formed. Preparing for the war with Sweden, Peter ordered in 1699 to make a general recruitment and begin training recruits according to the model established by the Transfiguration and Semyonovites.At first, he formed an officer corps from his friends, who in the past belonged to the "amusing regiments", and later from the nobility.
Gradually, the regiments of the new system drove out the old army. These regiments had almost all the features of a regular army, they were divided into companies, the order of appointment to officer positions was determined in them, combat and tactical exercises were conducted with personnel. However, after the campaign, the soldiers and some of the officers were dismissed to their homes, the weapons were surrendered, that is, it was not yet a completely regular army. Later, under Peter I, the regiments of the new system formed the basis of the new army.
Peter I introduced a new system of manning the army. It began to be carried out according to the principle of recruitment, when 10 - 20 peasant households by lot supplied one person for lifelong military service. The introduction of conscription allowed Peter I to significantly increase the number of his permanent army. The officer corps of the Russian army consisted of nobles, for them civil service was compulsory and lifelong. To receive an officer's rank, a nobleman had to serve as a soldier in the guards regiments - Preobrazhensky or Semenovsky.
In 1687, Peter I created the first two regular regiments of the Russian army from the amusing army - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky. They began to be called the Guard from May 30, 1700 - the birthday of the tsar.
By 1917, there were 40 historical regiments in the Russian army. They kept military traditions and embodied the glory of Russian weapons. It was a great honor for any soldier and officer to serve in them.
The officers always looked at the regiment as a second family, and cherished its honor as their own. Any violation of the code of honor disgraced the whole part.
Until 1917, officers were also prohibited from being members of political parties.
There were a number of unwritten rules according to which an officer of the guard had to sit in the theater no further than the seventh row of the stalls, visit only the best restaurants and ride in first class carriages. When the guardsman took a table in a St. Petersburg restaurant, he was obliged to demand a bottle of good champagne no less than 12 rubles.
Each officer handed over a silver cutlery to the regiment, which was used during the regimental meetings and holidays. For special merits, his name was engraved on it, so that all subsequent generations of officers would remember the comrades in arms who served in the regiment and glorified him.
A new organizational structure of the army was established, and unified states were introduced. The armed forces of Russia at this timewere divided into field (infantry, cavalry, artillerymen, engineering troops), local (garrison troops and landmilitia) and irregular (Cossacks and steppe peoples) troops.
Garrison troops were stationed in large cities. They served to maintain internal order, in addition, they served as reserve troops and a reserve for the field army.
All affairs concerning the army were taken over by the Government Senate and the Military Collegium subordinate to it (the prototype of the Ministry of Defense).
After conquering the fortressAzov in 1696boyar duma discussed Peter's report on this campaign and decided to start building the NavyThe 20th of October 1696 year ... This date is considered the official birthday of the regular Russian Navy, whose ships were built at the shipyards.Voronezh Admiralty . The ships were built with the help of European engineers, and by 1722 Russia had a good fleet of 130 sailing and 396 rowing ships.
Naval officers came fromnobles ,sailors wererecruits from the common people. The service life in the navy was lifelong. Young officers studied at the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, founded in1701 year ,and were often sent abroad for training and practice. Foreigners were often hired for the naval service.
The creation of a regular army and the transition to a new organization of its combat training predetermined the victory of Russia in the Northern War (1700-1721).In 1722, a system of ranks was introduced - the Table of Ranks.
The armament was also changed in a European way. The infantry was armed with smooth-bore rifles with bayonets, swords, hatchets, and grenades. Dragoons - carbines, pistols and broadswords. The officers still had prymets and halberds, which were not the best weapons for battle. The uniform was changed in a similar way.
Interesting fact: one of the decrees of Peter the Great introduced a special style of soldiers' uniforms. According to this decree, buttons were to be sewn on the front side of the sleeves. The reason for the introduction of such a "luxurious" style was not at all the desire for ostentatious brilliance, it was much more prosaic. Most of the soldiers were former peasants, with an ingrained habit of wiping their mouths with their sleeves after dinner. The buttons were supposed to help keep the cloth intact.
The improvement of the Russian armed forces continued under the reign of Catherine II. At this time, the Military Collegium ceased to depend on the Senate and gradually turned into a Ministry of War. The land army of that time consisted of 4 guards, 59 infantry regiments and 7 jaeger corps. The size of the standing army increased to 239 thousand people. The talented commander Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev introduced new tactics of warfare. He divided the infantry into small squares (the battle formation of the infantry in the form of one or more squares or rectangles) of 2–3 thousand men each. The infantry was followed by the cavalry. Artillery was placed in front, on the flanks, or in reserve. This made it possible to quickly rebuild the troops in accordance with the combat situation. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov made a significant contribution to the system of training troops. In 1810, at the initiative of A.A.Arakcheev, military settlements began to be used.
The military reforms of Peter I, the modernization of the armed forces and their control during the time of Catherine II brought many victories to the Russian troops both in individual battles and in long campaigns (Russian-Turkish wars of 1768-1774 and 1787-1791).
The unity of the army with the people, which characterizes Russian society, was clearly demonstrated during the Patriotic War of 1812. It was the unity of all the people who stood up to defend their native land that helped to defeat Napoleon. Napoleon's army could not win the war, which was waged by the entire Russian people. The Russian spirit defeated French training and discipline. The militiamen refused vodka before the battle, the partisans panicked the conquerors. The nationwide participation in the war and the heroism of the Russian army, the military leadership talents of M.I. Kutuzov and other generals, general patriotic enthusiasm were the reasons for the victory over Napoleon.
A major military reform of the Russian armed forces was carried out after the defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856), which revealed Russia's military lag behind European countries. The Crimean War of 1853 - 1856 showed the shortcomings of domestic weapons. Namely - with the spread of steam engines, steamers were invented, of which there were only 16 in the Russian fleet; and mass production of rifled weapons became possible, but in Russia their number was also insignificant. The reform was carried out under the leadership of the Minister of War, Dmitry Alekseevich Milyutin, who saw the main task of military reforms in the fact that in peacetime the size of the army was minimal, and in wartime - maximum due to the trained reserve. From 1864 to 1867, the number of standing troops decreased from 1 million 132 thousand to 742 thousand, and the military reserve increased to 553 thousand people.
15 military districts were created on the territory of Russia. As a rule, the governor-general was appointed commander of the military district. Each district was at the same time a body of command and control and a military-administrative structure. This made it possible to promptly command the troops and quickly mobilize them. With the creation of the districts, the War Ministry got rid of a wide range of responsibilities that were now performed by the commanders; only those management issues that were important for the entire army remained in its jurisdiction. The General Staff was created.
In 1874, a new Statute on military service was approved. Since that time, recruitment to the army has been abolished in Russia and universal military service has been introduced, which has spread to the male population from the age of 21 of all classes and estates. The total service life was set at 15 years: of which 6 years were in active military service, and 9 years were in the reserve. Particular attention was paid to improving the professional training of officers. The literacy of the soldiers was recognized as necessary, so teaching them to read and write became compulsory. The network of special military educational institutions has expanded. Rearmament was an important component of the army's transformations. Transition to rifled breech-loading weapons. In 1868 the American Berdan rifle was adopted, in 1870 - the Russian Berdan rifle No. 2. In 1891 - the Mosin rifle. The production of armored steam ships began in 1861, and submarines in 1866. By 1898, the Russian navy, consisting of the Baltic, Black Sea fleets, Caspian and Siberian flotillas, had 14 battleships, 23 coastal defense battleships, 6 armored cruisers, 17 cruisers, 9 mine cruisers, 77 destroyers, 96 destroyers, 27 gunboats boats. Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878 became a serious test of the effectiveness of the reforms. Several years after this war, DA Milyutin recalled: "My most notorious enemies had to admit that never before had the Russian army come to the theater of war so well prepared and equipped."
At the beginning of the 20th century, the active development of military technology continued. In 1902, armored vehicles appeared in the Russian army, in 1911 - military aviation, in 1915 - tanks. But officials preferred to use foreign developments than to support Russian inventors. Therefore, many successful projects were not used, such as the Porokhovshchikov tank, the machine gun. However, for example, Sikorsky's aircraft were produced and were no worse than foreign ones.
In the history of the armed forces of Russia there were not only victories, but also defeats, such as in the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. Due to the intensification of the struggle for the division of the spheres of influence of Russia and Japan in China, the war turned out to be inevitable. Japan is much better prepared for it. Despite the heroism and valor of Russian soldiers and sailors, the war was lost.
After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the government of NicholasIItook measures to revive the combat power of the Russian armed forces. This was forced by the difficult international situation. The First World War was approaching. Germany declared war on Russia, and after it on France. In a matter of days after that, the main European states entered the war. The First World War became another heroic and at the same time tragic page for the history of Russia and its armed forces.
The October Revolution of 1917 destroyed the existing state structure of Russia and eliminated the armed forces. In the very first months, the government of the Republic of Soviets had to create new armed forces, taking into account the changes in the country's social structure, external threats and material capabilities.
The officer cadres of the Russian Imperial Army formed the basis of the armies of the White movement, in which many parts of the Russian Imperial Army were revived. On January 8, 1919, as a result of the unification for a joint struggle against the Bolshevik government, the Volunteer Army and the Army of the Great Don Army were formed.
In the first months of Soviet power, its armed support was the Red Guard (armed detachments of workers that had been created on a voluntary basis since March 1917). By the beginning of 1918, there were about 460 thousand people in it. The small, poorly trained Red Guard could not withstand the invasion of the German troops. This circumstance forced the Soviet government to begin recruiting the standing army. In January 1918, decrees were adopted on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) and the organization of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet. The army and navy were created on a voluntary basis.
In February 1918, the soldiers of the Red Army and the sailors of the Baltic Fleet had to repel the onslaught of the German troops. In commemoration of the massive entry of volunteers into the Red Army to defend the Fatherland and the courageous resistance of the Red Army detachments to the German invaders, February 23 was celebrated as the Day of the Soviet Army and the Navy, and since 1992 - as the Day of the Defenders of the Fatherland.
During the Civil War, the armament of the Red Army was no different from the armament of the White Army. After the formation of the USSR, first on the basis of foreign models, and later on its own developments, there was a further development of firearms, armored vehicles, aviation and the fleet.
The pre-revolutionary experience of the Russian army was used in the construction of the new armed forces. After a series of reorganizations, they restored the one-man command and the compulsory character of military service. In 1925, the Law "On Compulsory Military Service" was adopted, and in 1939 - the Law "On General Military Duty". The army introduced military ranks, military awards, strengthened military discipline.
The international situation demanded constant strengthening and improvement of the armed forces. The Second World War was approaching. In these conditions, the Soviet government took measures to strengthen the country's defense capability. The number of the armed forces steadily increased: in 1935 - 930 thousand, in 1938 - 1.5 million, and by the beginning of 1941 - 5.7 million. The organizational and staff structure of the army was improved. Steps were taken to re-equip the armed forces.
Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 became the greatest test of the ability of the USSR Armed Forces to defend the country's independence. During this period, the Russian military leadership school put forward a number of talented military leaders (G.K. Zhukov, K.K.Rokossovsky, N.F. Vatutin, A.M. Vasilevsky, I.S.Konev, etc.), who skillfully carried out military operations, which led to the defeat of a staunch and well-armed enemy. The victory in this war once again demonstrated to all mankind the inexhaustible capabilities of the Soviet people and their Armed Forces in defending their Fatherland.
The Great Patriotic War led to a significant development of military technology. After her, Marshal G.K. Zhukov began to form sabotage special forces.
In the mid 50s. the armed forces were equipped with nuclear missile weapons and other newest types of military equipment. In 1960, a new type of the Armed Forces was created - the Strategic Rocket Forces.
Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Armed Forces of the USSR included the following types: Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Rocket Forces), Ground Forces (Land Forces), Air Defense Forces (Air Defense), Air Force (Air Force), Navy (Navy). In addition, they included the rear of the Armed Forces, headquarters and civil defense forces. The supreme leadership of the country's defense and the Armed Forces of the USSR was carried out by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the highest bodies of state power (the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Council of Ministers of the USSR). The direct leadership of the USSR Armed Forces was carried out by the USSR Ministry of Defense.
The political confrontation between the USSR and the United States during the Cold War contributed to the development of the latest weapons of mass destruction and their production in huge quantities to ensure superiority in the field of armed forces - the "Arms Race". In connection with the desire to establish parity with the enemy or to overtake him, equipment, weapons, devices, which had not been fully tested during the tests, that is, "raw", were put on alert. But during the Cold War, not only the creations of scientists, military engineers, military skills were tested, but also the composure, endurance, courage and prudence of the direct participants in certain events: soldiers and officers.
During the Cold War, there were many cases when the world was on the verge of nuclear war due to incorrect readings of missile launch detection systems. For example, in 1979, an alarm was raised in the United States due to the fact that a training program for a massive nuclear strike was mistakenly loaded on one of the computers. However, the satellites did not detect any missile launches, and the alarm was canceled. And in 1983, the Soviet satellite detection system malfunctioned, transmitting a signal about the launch of several American missiles. Lt. Col. Stanislav Petrov, sitting at the console, took upon himself the responsibility not to transmit information to the country's top leadership, deciding that the United States would hardly strike the first blow with such a small force. In 2006, the UN awarded Petrov as "the man who prevented nuclear war."
After the division of the Soviet Union into a number of sovereign states, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were created, which are the legal successor of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
Now the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include the ground forces, the air force, the navy, as well as such separate types of troops as the space and airborne troops and the Strategic Missile Forces. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are one of the most powerful in the world, they number over a million personnel, they are distinguished by the presence of the world's largest arsenal of nuclear weapons and a well-developed system of means of delivering them to targets.
The very concept of "army" comes from the Latin "artare", which means "to arm". According to the political definition, the army is an organ of the state intended for carrying out its policy by means of the armed population and includes the totality of all armed forces in the service of the state (ground forces, air defense forces, naval forces, as well as military, special , logistic support and the formation of civil defense).
Scientists, as a rule, distinguish the internal and external functions of this social institution:
a) external - preserving the inviolability of borders, ensuring the sovereignty of the state, favorable conditions for the implementation of an internal set of tasks, solving problems of universal significance, helping victims of aggression, allies;
b) internal - providing power to the dominant social group, ending and preventing internal social conflicts that threaten the collapse of the state, i.e. preserving its territorial integrity, educating citizens to be ready to defend their homeland, developing the skills of moral behavior in subsequent work, moral and psychological preparation of young people for life's difficulties.
From the above, it is legitimate to single out the following features of the army as a social institution:
a) it is a state institution. Like the state as a whole, the army protects the interests of the ruling elite, a certain social group. It is used in the resolution of various kinds (internal and international) conflicts, when peaceful means of establishing order have been exhausted;
b) armed forces - a legal organization, the functioning of which complies with the legislation of the country and the norms of international law;
c) the army differs from other social institutions in that it has combat power. This fact in itself often guarantees the inviolability of the legal order, allows the state not to resort to violence;
e) being an organic part of the state, the army sometimes performs odious functions, i.e. is used not in the national, but in the parochial interests of individual politicians or groups. There are many examples on this score. So, in the early 90s, over 70 percent. the population of the former USSR advocated the preservation of the Union, but the army, represented by the highest generals, supported the Belovezhsky agreement. In the fall of 1993, 70 percent. Russians said "yes" to democracy, and the army, on the orders of Boris Yeltsin, "shot" the popularly elected Parliament, and then - Chechnya. And this is confirmed by statistics: more than 80% of the Russian population was against the war in Chechnya, but the army allowed itself to be drawn into this barbaric affair, although there were opportunities for a peaceful settlement of the Chechen problem.
However, it is naive to believe that the army is to blame in all cases. On the contrary, a significant part of it (as the spokesman for the will of the citizens of the country, collected by military service) expressed their dissatisfaction with the use of the army in low-standard political showdowns. Unfortunately, decisions on the use of troops are made by the top political leadership of a particular country. However, there are many examples of this kind when the army generals can decisively influence the course of political processes. Thus, in the United States, the military generals, having survived the "Vietnamese syndrome," suppressed the desire of politicians to use force against Cuba and Nicaragua. The same can be said about the democratic reforms of the late 1980s in the former socialist countries (East Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania). It should be emphasized that, depending on economic opportunities and traditions, different types of armed forces have been formed in the world. The main ones can be distinguished:
a) professional (type - hired);
b) an army on the basis of conscription (a kind of conscription);
c) militia (there are no cadre formations);
d) general arming of the people,
What type of army is now the most effective, acceptable, and serves as an ideal tool for implementing socialization? Each country decides this issue for itself individually; the type of army is determined by its goals and the economic possibilities of the society. More than 50 countries of the world, including such rather large countries as the USA, Great Britain, Canada, Pakistan and others, use mainly the "professional army". What does this mean? In sociology, it is customary to talk about a profession, when a certain type of activity becomes exclusively a function of a certain group of people. In other words, a certain activity receives social confirmation and isolation, assigned to a certain group of people with a certain social status.
It is in such a community, built on the ideas of solidarity and mutual understanding, that such concepts as "professional culture", "professional ethics", and "professional honor" first arise. For an employee, a profession means the constancy of this occupation, a certain status of this type of activity as a source of income. A professional army, therefore, is characterized by the above features and a number of advantages: mobility, compactness, efficiency in solving assigned tasks, a highly qualified approach to using the capabilities of modern technology.
The most striking example is the US Army. Here, starting from the end of the 18th century, various principles of manning the country's armed forces were tested. Compulsory military service was introduced in the early years of the First World War, after which the voluntary principle of manning was again abandoned. Since 1948 again came to the obligatory two-year service life, but in 1973. still returned to voluntary service, i.e. to the "professional army".
It should be emphasized that in the 14 years after the Vietnam War, the authority and status of the American army as a social institution came to the fore, leaving behind such institutions as the court. church, public education. Widespread advertising, high salaries ($ 55,000 a year), a strict selection of volunteers after school (testing according to a 100-point system), and their obligatory absence of a "dark past" largely determine the high status of the military and the army in the United States. It is no coincidence that the work of professional military personnel is paid better than many civilian specialties.
At the same time, a professional army has its drawbacks. First, the high cost of its maintenance; not every country can afford this luxury. In the United States, about 160 billion dollars or more than 50% of all military appropriations are spent annually on the maintenance of military personnel and military construction alone (in the former USSR - 70.9 billion rubles, and according to some sources - at least 100 billion dollars).
Specialists also highlight such a specific drawback of a professional army as the inability to provide a sufficient number of reservists in case of war.
Another disadvantage is the decrease in the moral and ethical criteria of service. Willingness and desire to serve is directly dependent on reward. The moral concepts of servicemen are often overridden by high wages for labor, collective ties are replaced by corporate ones, the very law of military brotherhood is depreciated: "Die yourself, but help your comrade." It is on the basis of moral and ethical notions that mercenarism, as a kind of professional army, is currently recognized by the international community as unacceptable.
Now, more than ever, American sociologists are concerned about the state of the army environment, which, through drill, prepares the suppression of the individual, in fact, "robots" to fulfill their goals. And this is in the best, by modern standards, professional army.
For the aforementioned reasons, at present in most countries there is still a mixed recruitment principle. More than half of the NATO countries (France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Turkey), Brazil, Syria, etc. have recruitment armies. The terms of compulsory service are from 12 to 30-36 months. Refuseniks are involved in alternative service (20 months - in psychiatric hospitals, nursing homes, etc.). Plus there are professionals contracting for voluntary service. Those liable for military service make up a large reserve of the army.
In small states, a so-called militia army is possible, for example, in Switzerland. Here, in the army, 90% of the population serves, if refuseniks refuse to serve, 3% of the profits are withdrawn from the accounts, plus everything from 3 days to three years in prison. The country is able to supply 650 thousand armed fighters from a total population of more than 6 million in eight hours). Military training is carried out during free time from working hours. The weapons are stored in the areas of residence and training of personnel.
Citizens are engaged in military affairs at their place of residence.
As for the countries of the former USSR, they, spending huge amounts of money on the army, could not come to grips with reforming it. By 1990. the size of the armed forces could be brought to the optimal number (from 4.2 million to 2.5-2.8 million servicemen) without changing the fighting qualities of the army. With all its might, the USSR was never able to switch to the professional principle of recruiting.
In this regard, a legitimate question arises: on what principle are the armed forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan recruited and will be recruited?
The military doctrine of the young country presupposes the creation of small but powerful groupings of troops. At the same time, the maintenance of the armed forces should divert as little money from the budget as possible. Therefore, the construction of the Kazakh army is still based on the principle of combining universal military service and a contract system for the main types of specialties of the troops. In other words, a mixed recruitment principle is planned. Although there are promising guidelines for creating a purely professional army. What prevents you from doing this now? Everything rests on financial problems so far.
The difficulties of recruiting a professional army in the republic are largely due to the general tendency of the decline in the prestige of the military specialty; contract soldiers can simply not be recruited. What is this process connected with?
The decline in the prestige of military labor is associated primarily with the general historical situation. The army enjoyed the greatest respect during the Great Patriotic War and until the mid-50s. Approximately 96-98% of the population highly appreciated its role and status. Then began the growth of negative sentiments associated with the increasing militarization of society, the widespread use of the army abroad, its participation in punitive actions against its own and other peoples, in the inglorious wars (in Afghanistan, and then in Chechnya). By the beginning of the 90s. only more than 60% of citizens trusted the army. At this point of trust, the history of the armed forces of the USSR ended.After the collapse of the USSR, the prestige for the military profession began to plummet.
Currently, in many families in Russia, the main goal has become "saving sons from military service." The situation is approximately the same in Kazakhstan. According to sociologists, the factor of humiliation and bullying dominates (89% of children who do not want to serve, name this reason as the main one. This percentage is a significant increase compared to 51.3% in 1991).
Previously, the army was a school of tempering, growing up quickly, in the present has turned into a Wednesday, where the personal dignity of a young person is humiliated... In addition, conscripts are frightened by domestic disorder, poor material and cultural support (52%), political motives, i.e. increased use of the army in political functions, religious and other motives.
In this regard, the manning of the armies of the CIS countries remains catastrophically low. In the Russian army, the staffing level with rank-and-file non-commissioned officers in 1996 was 55-60%, in the ground forces - up to 35%. In military conditions, this means that it is practically ineffective.
The Kazakh army actually has the same troubles: understaffing, which was especially aggravated in connection with the departure of 48% of officers and 36% of warrant officers to other CIS countries. The officer corps now requires half of its replenishment.
Nowadays there is an opinion that the army is a social institution of increased risk, where everything depends on the political situation... Therefore, there is an acute issue of social protection of servicemen in Kazakhstan. Benefits for this category of workers are not always respected. Interruptions in the issuance of monetary allowances have become chronic. In 1993, 1,833 families of the military did not have housing, 1,656 families of discharged military personnel were not provided with housing. Families experienced constant financial difficulties.
And all this affects executive discipline, the performance of official duties, and undermines the authority of the army in society. How do you see the way out of this situation? Firstly, it is a stable socio-economic situation in society. But since the army has the most important role and responsibility as a guarantor of international and internal stability of society, the well-functioning of the military mechanism cannot always be dependent on an exclusively economic factor. The state must find funds to maintain the combat capability of the armed forces. At the same time, the rigidly authoritarian system, which is the army structure, does not allow, in its essence, ambiguity and lengthy reforms. Instability in social systems is adequately reflected in army discipline and combat effectiveness. Unfortunately, the number of malfeasances in the military is on the rise. So, by 1997, every tenth military man in Kazakhstan came to the attention of the military prosecutor's office and the military investigative bodies of the State Investigative Committee. That is why the reform in the army in the direction of increasing attention to the moral and combat qualities of the military personnel is the prerogative and the main task of the transition period.
The approach to the selection of future specialists should be based on moral and ethical criteria. The specificity of the army as a social institution lies in the increased imperiousness of interpersonal relations and the need for high professionalism in decisions made both in extreme situations and in everyday military activity. Therefore, the organization of the military leadership (the motivation and activities of the military personnel depend on this) must be in competent hands, combined with the high moral and ethical criteria of the officer corps.
The creation of an armed force that is not divorced from the people and serving its majority presupposes the establishment of such moral concepts as "mutual assistance", "comradeship", "humanity." Only in this case the army will fulfill its state and human mission as an agent of secondary socialization, which enables young people to quickly gain "masculinity, wisdom" and respect their fatherland.
- Political science. Reference dictionary. M, 1994, p. 27.
- See: Sociological Research, 1996 № 4, p. 69.
- See: Army. Society. State. Inf. - analyte. materials. Round table, M., 1992, p. 52.
- Army. Society. State ..., p. 320.
- See: Sociological Research, 1996 № 4, p. 67.
- See: Sociological Research, 1995 №12, p. 34.
- See: Sociological Research, 1996 № 4, p. 70.
- See: Warrior of Kazakhstan, 1996, November 26.
- The Ark, 1997, January 23.
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